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  • ืžื’ื™ ืื“ื

ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงืฉืช

ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื›ืื“ื, ืžืื™ืคื” ืื ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™. ืžื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”. ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื. ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื™.



ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—, ื“ืจื•ืš ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื ืžื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ืžื™ ืœื, ืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ. ืžื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ืžื™ ืกืชื ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื•ืฉื ืคื”. ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ ืžืืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—, ืืฆืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื.


ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื. ืœืชืช, ืœืชืงืŸ, ืœืกื™ื™ืข, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื—ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคึผึทืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืกืชืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืชื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื ืชืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืกืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ืขืงืจื‘. ื ืชื™ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”. ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืง.


ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืจืก, ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ โ€“ ื›ื›ื” ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืฆืœื”, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ. ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข, ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ืจืก ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืึถื‘ืจ ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื”, ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืงื˜ ื•ืกื‘ืœื ื™. ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืฆืœื”. ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืข, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืืกื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืกื›ื•ืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.


ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืืžืช ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ, ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.


ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงืฉืช. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ืง ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืื˜ ืื˜ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ืงืฉืช, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืช, ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืฆืžื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื™ืชื‘ื˜ื ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื•. ืื™ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื ื—ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžืง ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื ื—ื‘ืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ืขืฃ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•.


ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืง 4. ื ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœืžื–ืœ. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืŸ. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื›ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœืžื–ืœ, ืืš ืœื ื ืขืœื•ืช. ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืขืœื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื›ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžืจืก ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืคืง ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฆื“ืง, ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ืกืœื—ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืžืจืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืกืชื’ืœ ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง. ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื”ื ืข, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘, ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ื• ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘. ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”. ื™ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืžืกืžืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘, ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื•ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื”ืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜, ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื—ืŸ.


ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”? ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืขืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื™ืง, ืœื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ. ื ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื•. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื ื—ื‘ื ื‘ื•, ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.


ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™/ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™/ื ืฆื—ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืกืจ ื–ื”.


ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื. ื ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘. ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืžืขืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืชื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืžืœืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ โ€“ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ืช.


ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืงึทืฉึธึผืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช 9. ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืืคืœ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืึฑืžึถืช. ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืืžืช ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืืžืช. ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืงืฉืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืืœ ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ืฆื— ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘.


ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืก ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื• ืืคืœื” ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ืกื“. ืื•ืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืก ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืฉืช, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื˜ื”, ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ. ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื ื•, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืคื ื™ื ื•, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื’ื ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืกืชืจื”, ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™-ืœื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.


ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื. ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื–ืœื•, ื‘ืขืงืจื‘, ื”ื™ื ื ืชื™ื ื” ื‘ึผึทืกืชืจ ืื• ื ืชื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืข-ืœื-ืžื’ื™ืข ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืงืืจืžื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืงืฉืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืœื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืฉืžื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื. ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื ื—ืช ื•ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื—ืกื“.


ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืงืฉืช โ€“ ืกืžืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ื•ืœื. ืžืกืจ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ืจ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•. ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ. ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืช ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืจ. ื•ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื—ืกื“, ืืžืช.


ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื”

ืื ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขืงืจื‘, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืคืœื” ื‘ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.


ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืชึผึฐืื•ึนืžึดื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื•ื ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ึตืฉ, ืžืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื•. ืืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืงื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืจืื•ืช.


ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผื•ืœื ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ึผืชึฐืื•ึนืžึดื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ื ื•ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื. ืชึผึฐืื•ึนืžึดื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืชื•ึผื—ื›ื ื•ืžึดืชื—ื›ื, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžื•ืœึตืš ื”ืฉื‚ื›ืœ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ. ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื ืžืฆื ืคื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื, ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื•, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ึผื•ึถื ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.


ื‘ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ืฆื—, ืœื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืงืืจืžื”, ื‘ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืฉื›ืจ ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื–ืžืŸ , ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ึผึทืืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”. ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ืžื“ืข ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื. ืืžืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื•ืœื ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ื›ืžื• ืงืฉืช, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžืช ื ืฆื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื.


ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช 2 ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช, ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืขื•ืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช 3 ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืžืงื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืชื— ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช 3 ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืžื•ื— ืขืงืจื‘ื™. ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜, ืงื˜ืŸ ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื ืขืœื ืžืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื‚ื›ืœื ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ. ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืžื—ื‘ื•ืื•.


ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช 9 ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืžืคื” ืกืžืœ ื–ื”. ืื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื“ื ืขื ืืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืœื‘ืŸ ืขื ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื. ืื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืงื ืื™, ืื• ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื ื— ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘-3, ื’ื ื‘-9, ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ืจื—ื‘, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื•ื’ื ืคื” ื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงื• ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื.


ืื ืืžื ื ื ืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ. ืื ืืžื ื ื ื˜ืžื™ืข ื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื–ืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืชื•ึผืกืจ ืื˜ ืื˜ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคืœื”, ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.


(ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืง "ืคืœื•ื˜ื•", ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 324-328)

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